What is Transcendentalism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1681 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? Transcendentalism is exactly what it sounds like. It is the idea that humans have knowledge that transcends the natural senses. This knowledge is gained from a person looking inside themselves and reflecting on the world around them (Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy, par. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Transcendentalism?" essay for you Create order 1). All of the knowledge that a person needs is inside oneself; people just have to dig deep to find it. Sometimes we just need to forget about the rationalizing part of our lives and look into ourselves for the knowledge we desire. We just need to let our imaginations run wild and trust that someone can learn so much more from that than facts and statistics. I believe that these ideas of transcendentalism touch on ethics. They show how transcendentalism has valuable and important life lessons that benefit everyone and make the world a better place. This is why I believe that transcendentalism is an ethical concept. Although there is a universal definition of ethics, everyone has their own personal definition that may vary. To me, ethics is the idea that everyone has a duty to do the right thing. Now, what exactly does doing the right thing mean? I believe that it means making the best choice in the situation someone is in for the benefit of oneself and others. It is doing whats best for oneself, as long as others well beings are always in mind, and no one is being harmed or set back because of the action. It does not matter if it is frowned upon by the government or society; it is an Americans job to challenge authority if it is for the benefit of the people. Transcendentalists, such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, showed this as they spoke out for womens rights and challenged the government and laws. Just as these transcendentalists believed speaking out for womens rights was ethical, they also believed transcendentalism as a whole was ethical. As a whole, I believe transcendentalism is an ethical concept. One reason I believe it is ethical is because it is beneficial to oneself and others to reflect on the knowledge that they have inside of them and to trust that knowledge. Human brains are so complex and contain much more knowledge and creativity than this world could ever give to us. As humans, we all have intuition inside of us where we just have a gut feeling that something is right or wrong. This is not something that can be learned from a textbook or studied in school. It is an innate gift that everyone is born with, and personally, it is ethical for me to listen and trust to my conscience. It helps me to trust the knowledge that I have inside of me and make the best choice possible. Some might disagree with this theory and argue that it is not ethical because just because a person has this knowledge inside of them, does not mean that they should trust or act on it. Some might say that it is way more logical to trust knowledge that people have gained from science and reason rather than intuition. I disagree with this argument because not everything can be learned from science and reason. Humans have knowledge that transcends beyond what we can see and feel. This is why trusting ones intuition or conscience is ethical and way more beneficial to a person. This concept of trusting ones conscience leads to the idea of relying on oneself. Self Reliance, an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, shows that relying on oneself is ethical. In this essay, Emerson writes, Society is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members (Emerson 422). This quote shows that society is always out for man and that it wants to tear us down. Society tries to do this by trying to make everyone conform to its standards. It wants us to give up our individuality and opinions, so we can be easily controlled. This is why self reliance is so important and ethical. It is in ones best interest to be unique and to stay strong in ones beliefs. Those qualities are what make someone who they are, and it is unethical to try to take that away. It is also an Americans job to challenge society if it is for the benefit of the people. I would say that the ability to have unique qualities and opinions that differ from everyone elses add to peoples character and is worth putting up a fight. It makes the world a much better place to live. If everyone were the same and had the same beliefs and ideas, there would be no excitement in life. However, some might argue that it is just a way to keep us safe, which is more beneficial to oneself and everyone else. They could say that differing beliefs and opinions create conflicts, and conflicts jeopardize the safety of the American people. I disagree though because the risk of safety is less than the risk of losing who a person truly is. A way to reflect on who one is and move away from the struggles of society, nature is always an open door. In Ralph Waldo Emersons essay, Nature, he shows how going into nature is an ethical concept. Humans are complex beings that live lives full of stress and hardships. Sometimes, we just need a release from society and the things that bring us down. Nature is our own personal outlet and allows us to create a fresh start. Even though nature brings us this sort of renewal in our lives, Emerson reminds us, Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both (Emerson 241). This quote is saying that it is not just nature that brings about this change. Nature is constantly going on without us, it is only when we go into nature that we are able to look inside ourselves and truly reflect on our lives. We hold the key to the happiness and peace in nature; we just have to reach deep down to unlock it in ourselves. This idea is ethical because when humans go into nature, they are brought into a better state of mind. They are able to just be and observe the wonderous world all around them without having to worry about anything. Going into nature is truly doing what is best for oneself and allows someone to be a better person to those around them. When people come out of nature, they gain a sort of peace which allows them to speak their opinion without endangering the well being of other people. Henry David Thoreau wrote an essay known as Civil Disobedience, in which he expresses how civil disobedience is ethical. Civil Disobedience is the act of protesting, something involving the government, in a non-violent way. Thoreau agrees with this concept as he writes, That government is best which governs least (Thoreau 262). In this quote, Thoreau is saying that the government does not do an acceptable job of governing over its people. It is usually best when the government stays out of things, because they tend to misuse their power upon the will of the people. Our government was enacted long ago to enforce the peoples will, but today it has turned into a competition for power and/or financial gain. Because of this, people should have the right to govern themselves. They have the right to peacefully protest the governments power and the ability to just listen to themselves. This goes back to the idea that all people have intuition, and they can use their knowledge to gove rn themselves. One of the reasons why civil disobedience is ethical is because it is in the best interest of someone to try to achieve what is not being provided for them. The government is not upholding the will of the people, so it is an Americans job to protest and challenge them because it is for the best interest of the people. Ethics is also about keeping the good will of others in mind and by governing over oneself, a person would be open to the people around them. People would share ideas with each other and grow closer to one another in order to help each other make decisions. However, some would argue that in order to stay afloat people would need a set government. If people governed themselves, the world would turn to chaos, and the corruption would grow even stronger than it already is. However, I disagree with this because all humans have the knowledge of right and wrong inside of them. People would not need a set government to lead the way for them because they already have the knowledge that they need to govern themselves inside of them. This idea of civil disobedience leads to the conclusion that transcendentalism is an ethical concept. In more ways that one, transcendentalism has revealed itself to be an ethical concept. My definition of ethics is when presented with a situation, a person would choose the best option for the well-being of oneself and others, without hurting anyone else in the process. Transcendentalism, as a whole, is ethical because one can reflect on the knowledge inside oneself, trust their intuition, and make the best choice possible. In Ralph Waldo Emersons essay called Self Reliance, he shows how self reliance is ethical because it is best for people to not conform to societys standards, but to stay firm in their own qualities and beliefs. In Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, he shows how escaping to nature is ethical because it allows us to slip away from the struggles in our life and truly focus on ourselves and the beautiful world around us. Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau, explains how civil disobedience is ethical by saying that the government is corrupt, and it is in every ones best interest to voice their opinions and govern themselves. All of these reasons show how transcendentalism is an ethical concept.

Canada s Health Care System - 2150 Words

The Canada Health Act is a federal legislation enacted in 1984, delineating the terms of the Canadian universal health care system and what provinces must comply with in order to receive federal funding. It is important to point out that, although some of the funding and policies regulating the nation’s health care are provided by the federal government, it does not constitute a one-size-fits-all approach. Each of Canada’s ten provinces has the authority to regulate health care within their own jurisdiction; therefore, what’s efficient in one section of the country is not necessarily how things are done on the other side of the country. This essay focuses on general applicable principles which have been common denominators when it comes to discussing Canada’s health care system. The following is a basic overview of three important issues relating to the cost and efficiency of how the system currently works. Although it is widely known that necessary medica l services are available to Canadian patients, without passing on to them its direct costs, there are different viewpoints regarding the adequacy of its current existing structure. Is it a utilitarian system, ensuring the greater good for the greatest number of people? Is it prone to abuse by unscrupulous or careless medical practitioners (or by hypochondriac patients)? Or perhaps it is an onerous financial hardship on the individual provinces and on the federal government as a whole. It concludes that, despite its flawsShow MoreRelatedCanada s Health Care System931 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining the health of the nation is one of the priorities of societies throughout the world. Canada s health care system is an essential value for Canadians because it provides them equal rights when getting access to government-funded medical care. However, the system is a subject to severe criticism. 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The Canadian healthcare system evolvedRead MoreCanada s Health Care System973 Words   |  4 PagesCanada’s health care system is one that formed in the 1950s and 60s, also known as Medicare. It is a system that Canada as a nation often takes pride in, as it is predominantly public with basic health care is available to all citizens, and has some aspects of the private system incorporated as well. Health care often occurs in terms that compare public versus private health care systems. After a thorough analysis of private health care associated with neo-conservatism, and public health care associatedRead MoreCanada s Health Care System2023 Words   |  9 Pagesknow that Canada has a universal health, but they don’t fully understand the aspects of their health care system and how it works for them. Canada’s health care system is based around the Canada Health Act and aims to provide care for all medical necessary health services. 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Canada might have free health care but this doesn’t mean that it serves its purpose without any flaws. As we all know some countries are well known all around the world for their health care system. Specifically talking about Canada’s health care system, there are many pros and cons that go with it. There are minor problems concerning health care, but for now we will talk about the major onesRead MoreA Brief Note On Canada s Health Care System Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Canada s health care system is a group of socialized health insurance plans that provides coverage to all Canadian citizens. It is publicly funded and administered on a provincial or territorial basis, within guidelines set by the federal government. Under the health care system, individual citizens are provided preventative care and medical treatments from primary care physicians as well as access to hospitals, dental surgery and additional medical services. With a few exceptionsRead MoreA Comparison Of The Unites States And Canada s Health Care System1765 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of the Unites States’ and Canada’s Health Care System America has a very disorganized and fragmented healthcare system while Canada has a very structured and established system. Since there is no healthcare system in the world that is considered perfect all countries implement polices that they believe will be the most beneficial for their residents, The United States’ and Canada’s systems are both constantly being reformed to fit the current needs their residents however there are

Benefits of Data Mining Free Essays

Data mining is defined as â€Å"a process that uses statistical, mathematical, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning techniques to extract and identify useful information and subsequent knowledge from large databases, including data warehouses† (Turban Volonino, 2011). The information identified using data mining includes patterns indicating trends, correlations, rules, similarities, and used as predictive analytics. By employing predictive analytics, companies are actually able to understand the behavior of customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Data Mining or any similar topic only for you Order Now Predictive analytics examines and sorts data to find patterns that highlight customer behavior. The important behavioral patterns are those that indicate what customers have responded to and will respond to in the future. Also, patterns can indicate a customer base that is in jeopardy with the company, customers that are not company-loyal and are easily lost. Predictive analytics of customer behavior can be of great benefit to the business (Turban Volonino, 2011). Companies are able to build specific marking campaigns and models such as direct mail, online marking, or media marking based on customer preference and are better able to sell their products to a more targeted customer base. Knowing what the customer wants, what they will respond to, and which customer base to focus on takes the guesswork out of marking and product development. Taking the information retrieved and using it correctly will only increase profits (Advantages, 2012). Association discovery using data mining provides a huge benefit to companies. Association discovery is finding correlations or relationships between variables in a large database. For example, in terms of a supermarket, it is finding out that customers who buy onions and potatoes together are also highly likely to buy hamburger meat. These correlations where one set of products predict the buying of another is referred to as associations. Data mining can employ association discovery allowing business to predict buying patterns and allow for more effective operations management and can better pinpoint marketing strategy of coupons and incentives (Association Rule 2012). Web mining is another aspect of data mining. Web mining uses the data collected on the Internet to analyze customer data and gather information beneficial to the company. Any time someone visits a website, uses a search engine, clicks on a link, or makes an electronic transaction data is generated subject to analytics. Companies use web mining to gain customer preference and insight. The information gathered is used to improve websites and create a better user experience for the customers. Web mining can also be used alongside of predictive analytics. For example, on e-commerce sites every transaction is analyzed. When a customer clicks on a product, web mining tools can present a list of products he/she may also be interested in because of other customers with the similar buying interests/habits. This tool can be extremely effective in gaining business intelligence of the buying habits and preferences of customers (Turban Volonino, 2011). Data mining also employs clustering to find related customer information and to provide valuable information to the company. Clustering gathers information and designates clusters of similar products and objects. In data mining, clustering is usually the first step. It identifies similar information and groups them to be further examined. Customer information and demographics are an example of these clusters. The group characteristics are analyzed against desired outcomes to understand the buying habits of customers and what marketing campaigns will enhance customer response (Ali, Ghani, Saeed). Reliability of Data Mining The benefits of data have been examined, but it is important to look possible implications as well. Data mining uses algorithms to predict patterns and customer behaviors. Constant measures are needed to make sure the algorithms are working correctly, but the issue of reliability stems a little deeper. Algorithms and data analysis can only be as reliable as the actual data analyzed. Data gathered from different sources can potentially be t or even conflicting. This greatly affects the validity and result of algorithm, especially predictive analysis. It could alter the customer’s historical purchases or demographic information rendering the information useless and even costly. Data mining is a useful tool and should be trusted up to a point. It should not be the only solution. Companies should not only use data mining for marking and operations decisions. The costs of mistaking customer preference and predicting behavior could be catastrophic (Data Mining). Privacy Concerns of Data Mining. One of the major disadvantages of data mining is the privacy concerns associated with the technique. Three major privacy concerns raised by consumers are identity theft, misuse of personal information, and the â€Å"big brother is watching you† feeling (Orwell, 1954). The first concern is identity theft. With the increasing trend of e-commerce and electronic funds, identity theft has been a huge issue. The sheer amount and speed of information processing through data mining has led to a rise in identity theft making this valid concern. The information could easily fall into the hands of anyone (Exforsys Inc, 2006). The second concern is the misuse of personal information. Companies gather information as specific to customer purchases, names, phone numbers, addresses, and other information then store it in a database. Once obtained, copies can be made with little effort. Companies can easily sell this information to other companies. This is the exact concern of consumers. Consumer information can certainly be misused, exploited, or for discrimination making this a valid concern (Advantages, 2012). The last concern addressed in this paper is the total loss of privacy, feeling controlled or watched. The government uses data mining to track patterns of criminal activity have considered using the technique to track the movement of people. Some people feel this goes too far, and not giving the consumer the choice of having his/her information in the database takes away personal freedom. This concern is tied into the misuse of information because what stops companies to selling information to governmental or private agencies with the sole purpose being to control or watch an individual. With the volatile nature of crime, and the increasing use of technology by government agencies, this concern is also valid (Advantages 2012). Measures have been taken to alleviate these concerns. Companies that utilize data mining are required to take certain actions that protect their customer’s privacy. One of these actions is to remove and identity related attributes from each customer record before the data is transferred to analysts. Also banks allow for identity theft protection services to alleviate the concern of financial security. All of these concerns are still important and steps will have to be continuously made and adjusted to protect the security and privacy of personal and financial information (Li Sarkar, 2006). Real World Examples of Predictive Analytics Predictive analysis and how it is beneficial to companies has been discussed above in theory. To completely understand how predictive analysis is used is to look at real world examples. The first example is how a fast food restaurant used HyperActive Technologies to predict what customers might order. HyperActive Technologies developed a system that allowed cameras to track vehicles pulling into the parking lot and track customers through the entire ordering process. Using predictive analysis of the data gathers from the cameras, the restaurant was able to conclude that at lunchtime; approximately twenty percent of cars entering the parking lot would order at least one cheeseburger. With this information, the cooks were able to get a head start in food production cutting down on wait time for customers and increasing overall productivity (Turban Volonino, 2011). Another example of a company that uses predictive analysis is that of INRX, the leading provider of traffic information. INRX uses data mining by evaluating real time traffic measuring traffic problems and congestion. This data is collected from road censors, toll tags, traffic incident data, and commercial vehicles equipped with a GPS that continuously report their speed and location. Using predictive analytics, the data is studied to determine traffic patterns at certain locations and times. Drivers now have access to real time traffic information. This information has proven to be extremely effective and useful to drivers allowing them to make better decisions and avoid unnecessary delays (Turban Volonino, 2011). The flower company, 1-800-FLOWERS. om, has also used data mining techniques, specifically predictive analytics. The company collects and analyses data at all contact points. Data collected includes historical purchases to discover trends, anticipate customer behavior, and meet customer needs and preferences. This technique has proven to be an effective way of increasing the response rate to customers, identifying profitable customers, and establishing customer loyalty. Customer retent ion increased by over fifteen percent after the implementation of predictive analytics solidifying its effectiveness (Turban Volonino, 2011). As shown through academic research and real world examples, data mining is a real and effective way of predicting customer behavior and buying patterns. Measures need to be taken not only to overcome the stigma that data mining is unsecure and takes away personal freedom, but to make sure individual information is, in fact protected. If these measures are taken, data mining is a win-win for both businesses and consumers. Consumers will feel heard, understood, and taken care of. Businesses can actually focus resources on building that business-to-customer relationship and will be able to give the people what they need. References Advantages and disadvantages of data mining (2012). Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://www.dataminingtechniques.net/data-mining-tutorial/advantages-and-disadvantages-ofdatamining/ Ali, R., Ghani, U., Saeed, A. (n.d.) Data clustering and its applications. Retrieved December 5, 2012 from http://members.tripod.com/asim_saeed/paper.htm Data mining: issues. (n.d.) Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/jason.frand/teacher/technologies/palace/ issues.htm Exforsys Inc. (2006). Data mining privacy concerns. Retrieved December 5, 2012 from http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/data-mining/data-mining-privacy-concerns.html Li, X. Sarkar, S. (2006) Privacy protection in data mining. Retrieved December 6, 2012 from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1245621 Turban, E., Volonino, L. (2011). Information technology for management improving strategic and operational performance (8th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. How to cite Benefits of Data Mining, Papers

Warfarin Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation

Question: Discuss about the Warfarin Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation that is a medical condition occurring due to irregular heartbeats in patient enhancing the chances of blood clots ultimately leading to a stroke. Warfarin therapy is an effective treatment for the atrial fibrillation and discontinuation of the green vegetables is essential as these works in against of the regulatory and remedial procedure undertaken by the Warfarin therapy (Moss et al., 2014). The essay is a case study of Mrs. Lillian Gamble who is suffering from atrial fibrillation and is under Warfarin therapy for treatment. This essay outlines the learning needs of Mrs. Lillian gamble, aids and barriers to effective treatment with the help of Warfarin therapy. Furthermore, formulation of smart objective for effective imparting of awareness and effective teaching aid that can be undertaken. According to the case study, Mrs Lillian Gamble is a 78 years old aged woman who carries a long history of medical conditions. Recently she has been suffering from atrial fibrillation with the symptoms that started to show up three months back in term of chest pain, palpitations and dyspnoea (Raine et al., 2016). The learning requirement of Mrs. Gamble is on Warfarin therapy and prohibition from eating green leafy vegetables. Warfarin is an anticoagulant tablets that increases the time of blood coagulation by making it thin. The blood clot inside the body can causes cardiac arrest, heart failure or the failure of any other essential organ leading to ultimately death. Besides this, the consumption of green leafy vegetables has been prohibited for her as these vegetables contain high levels of vitamin K that helps in coagulation process. Continual consumption of these along with Warfarin tablets will breach the thinning of the blood. Aid and barriers are most common and prevalent issues faced by the healthcare professionals when dealing with the patients for any malady or illness. The level of understanding for a disease is not common and updated by the patients that lead to a lag and huge gap in undertaking the optimal treatment imparted by healthcare professionals (Loewen et al., 2017). Same issue prevails in the case of Mrs. Gamble who does not know much about her condition that is atrial fibrillation, its symptoms and why she is prevented from eating green leafy vegetables. Furthermore, due to long history of severe health conditions she has severe pain in the body and further impairment of the physical movement and activities. Besides this, she is lagging in optimal cognitive skills that have affected her ability to remember provided information and effectual decision-making. Furthermore, her short stay in the hospital has also breached the detailed understanding on her medical condition, symptoms and implem ented preventions (Lee et al., 2016). Increment in self advocacy can be done with optimal awareness allowing them to make independent decisions based on the knowledge. The SMART approach has been undertaken along with the Blooms Taxonomy of Learning Objective for the formulation of procedures and aims (Kirchhof et al., 2016). The goals are: Specific: To enhance the existing knowledge with the help of optimal communication of Mrs. Lillian Gamble on her medical condition that is Atrial Fibrillation and its prevailing symptoms in her. Further enhancing knowledge on what dietary intake she is required to consume during the remedial treatment. Besides this, awareness is to be provided on the Warfarin therapy in accordance with the prevailing issues such as overall lack in education, cognitive skills, decision-making, learning and understanding. Undertaking of certain exercises such as flash cards or mcqs based on the guidelines of the hospital will help in achieving the target (Culebras et al., 2014). Measurable: To conduct this awareness program with her for a week in order to instil complete information required by Mrs Gamble on the prevailing conditions in her understandable terminologies and interpretation. The growth and development must be determined daily with the help of questionnaire and asking for feedback. This also undertakes qualitative analysis on the approach of Mrs. Gamble towards the imparted knowledge and further critical evaluation is to be conducted to mould the further training (Culebras et al., 2014). Achievable: Within a week, the awareness program must instil optimal knowledge on the atrial fibrillation and related must be provided with the help of certain guidelines and exercises. To achieve this goal within time, effective trained and professional approach by the healthcare professionals is required that undertakes the training with efficacious compassion and dedication. For this, such professionals must be trained enough of handling patients with conditions as Mrs. Gamble (Kirchhof, 2017). Result-Oriented: Each and every aspect of the atrial fibrillation, warfarin therapy and other important information related to it must be meet leading to the completion of the program. Such measures will help in providing person centred training required by Mrs. Gamble. Time-bound: Within a week, the newly implemented awareness program for Mrs Gamble must provide optimal information required. Optimal efficacy is determined by critically analysing the effectiveness of the imparted information with the help of questionnaire (Kirchhof, 2017). Effective teaching aids and optimal environment for learning are two prime factors required for the learning and understanding of the patient to be imparted by the healthcare professionals regarding their prevailing condition. As Mrs. Gamble is suffering from different conditions such as cognitive impairment, lack in understand, learning and formulating the decision-making on the basis of the information given, different teaching aids that can be used for her are displaying information with the help of flash cards, using motion picture, providing her written information on the prevalent condition, existing symptoms, and knowledge on remedial treatment undertaken such as Warfarin therapy (Gladstone et al., 2015). The remedial environment required for optimal imparting of the information requires good knowledge on the condition of the patient case history and current condition. Furthermore, any kind of pressure must not adhere in mrs. gamble while implementation of the exercise. Beside s this, optimal regulation of the teaching aids such as flash cards, motion picture or written information in the form of brochures, flyers or a written booklet must be provided to mrs. gamble along with a small diary in which she can write and preserve the allotted prescription for the optimal intake of the medication provided. Effective communication is one of the essential criteria to be followed on which all other factors for the optimal regulation of the exercise depends. Effective communication must be patient oriented and implemented cautiously by the healthcare professional making the patient comfortable, congenial and interested enough towards the communication (Tamura, 2013). The series of induction includes the study of the old age and the case history of mrs. Gamble. This analysis needs to be studied by the healthcare professional as well as mrs gamble as well in order to understand the reason behind the prevailing health condition. She is a 78 years old woman with a long history of medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, hip replacement and the rehabilitation, abdominal pain, distension, septicaemia, MRSA infection, pseudoarthrosis, dyspnoea, chest pain, artial fibrillation and pneumonia. This long history has triggered symptoms of artrial fibrillation such as palpitations, chest pain, reduced exercising capability, dyspnoea, confusion and short of breath. After acknowledging and imparting the case history, information must be provided on arterial fibrillation and its effect on the coagulation process conducted by blood. Information must be imparted on the Warfarin therapy that conducts thinning of the blood and information on Coumadin medication th at is provided to mrs. gamble for treatment. Besides this, regulation of optimal diet is essential and green leafy vegetables must be prohibited till the time Warfarin therapy is been undertaken. Green leafy vegetables are rich in vitamin K that undertakes the coagulation process of the blood. The Warfarin therapy or medication is undertaken for the thinning of the blood. The function of the Warfarin therapy and green leafy vegetables are just opposite and this will prevent optimal regulation and treatment of the arterial fibrillation in mrs gamble. Furthermore, importance of prescribing Coumadin which is a colour coded tablets of Warfarin especially made for the patients suffering from confusion and impaired cognitive skills (Graudins, Chen Hopper, 2015). At the end, approach of mrs gamble needs to be generalised towards this in order to generate self advocacy in her. Self advocacy will provide optimal decision-making which is extremely essential for the regulation of the treatmen t provided by the healthcare professional as per the extent of own understanding and learning. Conclusively, the induction procedure includes background study of mrs. gamble, study on atrial fibrillation its symptoms and remedial Warfarin therapy that leads to prohibition of intake of green leafy vegetables (Jun et al., 2015). According to a study conducted by Gomes et al. (2013), warfarin therapy is essential for the treatment of various maladies such as Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary Embolism (PE), artificial heart valves, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and others. Warfarin is a medicine that prevents the clotting of blood by thinning it. Furthermore, this medicine is essential after big surgeries such as bypass surgery, cardiac arrest or any other surgery of organs. Coumadin and Marevan are two different brands of the warfarin tablet are available for commercial purpose. They come in different colours for different strengths to prevent any sort of confusion during consumption. Mrs Gamble is suffering from atrial fibrillation that promotes blood clotting. Optimal undertaking of this tablet by her will prevent clotting by thinning the blood. Besides this malady, old age and severe medical case history one of the prevailing factors of the symptoms shown by her. Confusion, unable to take correct doses, palpitat ion, short breath, body pain, weakness and unable to walk are some of the essential symptoms leading to decrement in her condition (Gomes et al., 2013). Another study conducted by Bjorck et al. (2013), though there are many advantages of using Warfarin tablet, certain limitations are also there if doses are not maintained optimally. This may lead to haemorrhage that is release of blood from ruptured and broken blood vessels. Older patients suffering from atrial fibrillation tend to get exposed from haemorrhage mostly within the thirty days of starting of Warfarin therapy. Furthermore, atrial fibrillation is also responsible for ischemic stroke. Occurrence of this stroke increases with age mostly in the aged people above eighty years of age. Alteration in the required doses of Warfarin therapy increases the chances of ischemic stroke in the patients suffering from atrial fibrillation to a greater extent (Bjorck et al., 2013). A study conducted by Dennis et al. (2017) determines that warfarin therapy is one of the most prevailing anticoagulant medication that is accepted by different healthcare professionals yet its context and usefulness is not fully informed and accepted in remote areas. Scope for improvement for determined when an analysis for the warfarin tablet users in the remote areas of Northern Australia was undertaken. A very less number of patients were aware with the concept of anticoagulation property of warfarin tablets (Dennis et al., 2017). The necessary information for Mrs. Gamble undertakes sufficient knowledge towards her symptoms, her prevailing malady that is atrial fibrillation, prohibition on certain dietary intake such as green leafy vegetables and remedial treatment provided to her through Warfarin therapy. Furthermore, Mrs Gamble must be provided information on the doses of the Warfarin to be consumed in a day. Besides this, resourceful information must be provided on the treatment plan covering different questions such as the importance of the consumption of the Warfarin tablet and the time of next blood test to determine the amount of the time the blood takes to coagulate. Furthermore, information must be provided on how to undertake the optimal usage of Warfarin at home on own for the continual intake of the medication (Wang et al., 2014). This can be done by regular consumption of the medication as prescribed by the doctor with the help of the colour coding of the tablet. Additionally, Warfarin tablets mus t be consume along with the evening meal but other schedule is to be prescribed by the doctor and consumption must be undertaken accordingly. Information of missing the doses in accordance with the prescription must be directly consulted with the doctor to prevent any dangerous implications. Conclusively, warfarin therapy is a good method of providing relief to the patients but must be undertaken in accordance to the prescription. Furthermore, regular blood test must be conducted that determines how much time blood is taking to coagulate with the help of International Normalised Ratio. Lower value will lead to more coagulation and high value will lead to bleeding. Besides this, Mrs. Gamble requires to follow all rules and regulation for the consumption regulation and maintaining equilibrium in the warfarin therapy (Coyle et al., 2015). Conclusively, warfarin therapy is the best possible solution for the treatment of atrial fibrillation among aged people. Besides this, different barriers such as ageing and maladies have affected Mrs. Lillian Gamble cognitive skills and ability of understanding, learning and decision-making. The major goal of teaching the patients regarding their prevailing severe healthcare condition is to improve their existing knowledge on the disease and why different remedial measures has been undertaken. Furthermore, effective communication along with the usage of teaching aids will create awareness in the patient leading to self advocacy. This measure is extremely important for the optimal conduction and regulation of the treatment provided by the healthcare professional to the patient. References: Bjrck, S., Palaszewski, B., Friberg, L., Bergfeldt, L. (2013). Atrial fibrillation, stroke risk, and warfarin therapy revisited.Stroke,44(11), 3103-3108. Coyle, D., Coyle, K., Essebag, V., Birnie, D. H., Ahmad, K., Toal, S., ... Krahn, A. D. (2015). Cost effectiveness of continued-warfarin versus heparin-bridging therapy during pacemaker and defibrillator surgery.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,65(9), 957-959. Culebras, A., Mess, S. R., Chaturvedi, S., Kase, C. S., Gronseth, G. (2014). Summary of evidence-based guideline update: Prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.Neurology,82(8), 716-724. Dennis, J., Majoni, W., Tinsley, J., Kangaharan, N. (2017). Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy in Remote Communities of the Top End of Northern Australia.Heart, Lung and Circulation. Gladstone, D. J., Geerts, W. H., Douketis, J., Ivers, N., Healey, J. S., Leblanc, K. (2015). How to Monitor Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Practice Tool Endorsed by Thrombosis Canada, the Canadian Stroke Consortium, the Canadian Cardiovascular Pharmacists Network, and the Canadian Cardiovascular SocietyHow to Monitor Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants.Annals of internal medicine,163(5), 382-385. Gomes, T., Mamdani, M. M., Holbrook, A. M., Paterson, J. M., Hellings, C., Juurlink, D. N. (2013). Rates of hemorrhage during warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation.Canadian Medical Association Journal,185(2), E121-E127. Graudins, L., Chen, F., Hopper, I. (2015). Warfarin brands.Australian prescriber,38(5), 150. Jun, M., James, M. T., Manns, B. J., Quinn, R. R., Ravani, P., Tonelli, M., ... Hemmelgarn, B. R. (2015). The association between kidney function and major bleeding in older adults with atrial fibrillation starting warfarin treatment: population based observational study.bmj,350, h246. Kirchhof, P. (2017). Integrated care of patients with atrial fibrillation: the 2016 ESC atrial fibrillation guidelines. Kirchhof, P., Breithardt, G., Bax, J., Benninger, G., Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Boriani, G., ... Calvert, M. (2016). A roadmap to improve the quality of atrial fibrillation management: proceedings from the fifth Atrial Fibrillation Network/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference.Europace,18(1), 37-50. Lee, T. M., Ivers, N. M., Bhatia, S., Butt, D. A., Dorian, P., Jaakkimainen, L., ... Wing, L. (2016). Improving stroke prevention therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation in primary care: protocol for a pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial.Implementation Science,11(1), 159. Loewen, P. S., Ji, A. T., Kapanen, A., McClean, A. (2017). Patient values and preferences for antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Moss, R. C., Lowe, G. C., Frampton, C. A., Revell, P. (2014). A nurse-led randomised controlled trial of a structured educational programme for patients starting warfarin therapy.Journal of Research in Nursing,19(5), 402-412. Raine, D. T., Begg, G. A., Moore, J., Taylor, E. C., Buck, R. T., Honarbakhsh, S., ... Thomas, D. E. (2016). 59multipolar contact mapping guided ablation of temporally stable high frequency and complex fractionated atrial electrogram sites in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation60intra-cardiac and peripheral levels of biochemical markers of fibroses in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrilation61the don't wait to anticoagulate project (dwac) by the west of england academic health science network (ahsn) optimises stroke prevention for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF ....Europace,18(suppl 2), ii24-ii35. Tamura-Lis, W. (2013). Teach-back for quality education and patient safety.Urologic Nursing,33(6), 267. Wang, Y., Kong, M. C., Lee, L. H., Ng, H. J., Ko, Y. (2014). Knowledge, satisfaction, and concerns regarding warfarin therapy and their association with warfarin adherence and anticoagulation control.Thrombosis research,133(4), 550-554.

British Invasion Essays - Oasis, Dave Matthews, Matthews

British Invasion British Invasion When one thinks of rock and roll there is a whole list of adjectives to describe a band. The groups can go from laid back to an in your face, ultra loud show of shows. There are many differences in rock bands and none is greater than the deviation between Oasis and Dave Matthews Band. From upbringing to influences, the differences are represented in the music and those who live for it. They might be under the same category but there are very few comparisons that are so far apart. Oasis is the foremost representative of a working class band. Their hometown of Manchester, England is a tough town of industry. The people are known for they're hard work and even harder partying. In contrast, Dave Matthews was raised on a South African estate as the son of an ambassador. His hometown was full of proper English families, most being from aristocracy. The members of Oasis tell of their early drug days, shop lifting, and hard partying. Drugs were a major part of the bands early years and so was hard, ear blasting rock and roll. Matthews once criticized this behavior by Oasis as he proclaimed his own virginity in the drug world. In typical Oasis fashion, Matthews was dismissed with swear words and the raising of a certain finger. Perhaps the biggest difference between the two bands is their music and fan base. Oasis is known for literally playing at maximum level, while Matthews has a mellower and almost soothing concert sound level. He also has a very limited stage with little lighting as compared to Oasis' dazzling effects that seem to pulse with the music. These flashing lights seem to activate the rowdy crowd found at the typical Oasis show. The model fan is ready to jump for two hours straight and they are the complete opposites of the usual Dave Matthews Band fan. While the Oasis fan hops, you notice they casually dress in plain pants and striped T-shirts. The Dave Matthews fan is uniformly dressed in Old Navy clothing and preppy khaki pants. They are concerned how close they look like the person next to them and the Oasis fan wears whatever is most clean when they wake up. In essence, the Oasis fan cares about the music and not the scene. A Dave Matthew's concert is more of a college event than a rock concert. Overall, the difference between the two is more than clothing or lights. It is about the music and about the people who flock for it by the masses. Each band's sound seems to reflect on the personalities of its devout followers. Whether it's a preppy, beer chugging, frat pledge or a casually dressed girl standing on the corner whistling her favorite Oasis tune, the differences go deeper than two categories at the music store.

Goldfields of Australia

Goldfields of Australia Introduction Historically, past Australian developments emanated from the discovery of gold. However, many towns that contributed to this phenomenon are no longer recognizable.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Goldfields of Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Faster developments were established in almost all states as more goldfields were established. The discovery of gold attracted thousands of miners from different places. The influx of miners into these places contributed to the establishment and growth of ancient Australian towns. Concurrently, this was associated with hardships, triumphs, and disappointments for the miners and their families. This article discerns various aspects of the Australian goldfields and the rise and fall of the associated towns. Major Incidences When people received information about the discovery of gold in Australia, they moved to the concerned places (goldfields) in search of wealth.Advertising Looking for article on archeology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unfortunately, there were no facilities like houses in the places where the discoveries were made. This steered settlements in the concerned goldfields. Conversely, they used horses and wheelbarrows to execute duties. The majority incorporated men although women later joined them. In Bendigo, a woman discovered various goldfields. Historically, it is crucial to understand these provisions. Gold diggers formed campsites at places where they mined gold; nonetheless, they lived in tents. Later, they made huts using timber as the population increased. Consequently, shops emerged while other social amenities developed. Some traders built hotels and lodges using wood. The government equally erected facilities to handle criminals. It also established accommodation facilities for solders. Entertainment facilities also emerged at the gold fields and these included theaters. However, life in the gold mines was still hard. This is a critical provision in various contexts. The growing population at the mentioned goldfields emerged with various challenges. Gold diggers settled in small areas with inadequate facilities and comforts.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Goldfields of Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, tension easily emerged. Conflicts were mainly caused by inadequate dispute resolution. Miners had to work continuously the whole week so as to keep their ‘claims’. Contextually, a ‘claim’ is the specific locations people mined. This was because another person would easily take unclaimed sites. There were also dangers in moving to and from Melbourne since there were robbers along the way. The police who were tasked with keeping peace in the goldfields were brutal and violent. Some of the people who went to the goldfields were lucky and they became rich. However, the majority of gold diggers were unlucky. People who were lucky were mainly traders and landlords who sold food and land respectively. Traders were lucky because food and other equipment were expensive. They were brought from far regions. Land owners succeeded because some people preferred to settle permanently in the goldfields. The goldfields of Australia attracted people from various countries. Most of them were hopeful of becoming wealthy before returning to their countries. The distance covered to reach Australia was long. Some took nearly eight months to complete their journey. They used ships to reach Australia. There were disease and epidemics during the journey. Unfortunately, the few people who managed to reach the goldfields were weak hence could not manage the hard life experienced at the goldfields. Later, food inadequacy engulfed the concerned goldfields.Advertising Looking for article on archeology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, there was inadequate supply of clean water. The environment was dirty due to poor disposal of human and domestic wastes. This led to the outbreak of diseases in the goldfields. After some time, gold began to deplete forcing people to move out of the fields. Ultimately, most towns mystified.

How does the Constitution establish and maintain a culture of liberty Essay

How does the Constitution establish and maintain a culture of liberty - Essay Example These rights are generally acknowledged to be beyond the control of the government. Individual liberty is plays a critical part in achieving individual and societal progress. It is important for attainment of the truth and should be defended from any form of tyranny. Individual liberty forms the basis of universal freedom and human rights. The philosophy of individual liberty is the core value that protects individuals’ freedom, and gives them the right to safeguard their rights. Individual liberty imposes responsibility for self-governance and freedom of choice on an individual. In regards to individual liberty contribution to the constitution’s preservation of liberty, the â€Å"self† factors associated with free men come into play: self-respect (spiritual), self-reliance (economic), and self-discipline (political-social). Self-respect results from the realization of an individual that they are of divine creation and that the spiritual is supreme. These facts a re illustrated in the individuals’ effort in maintaining integrity of unalienable rights. Principles of self-respect insist that people should respect other people. Realization of this aspect of liberty translates to equality and mutual respect among members of the society, which is the main objective of the constitution. The self-reliance factor advocates for economic independence of individuals from others and the government. Economic reliance on other individuals is considered the source of evils in the society. An economically independent individual is a free man enjoying liberty. From Alexander Hamilton’s quote, power over a man’s subsistence contributes power over his free will. Economic independence rids the community of social evils that threaten liberty of individuals. Self-discipline of individuals involves their good-will performance of duties assigned to them. Self-discipline advocates for the truth, a principle that states that there is no right apa rt from duty, and no freedom or liberty apart from responsibility. Self-discipline draws the boundary between the rights of individuals and equal rights of others in the society. This means that individuals in the society understand their rights, and the boundary that separates those rights with the equality of other people. Such an understanding in the society will create sound conduct in the general community concerning maintenance and upholding of individuals’ liberty. It highlights the political-social characteristic of free man living among free men surrounded by an environment of freedom. Several founders highlight the importance of individual rights and citizen’s liberty. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote that one important duty of the government to its citizen was to safeguard the inalienable rights of individuals, which include liberty, life, and pursuit of happiness. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment safeguards individuals’ li berty, life, and property without due process (Bills of Rights Institute). They secure and safeguard the blessings of individuals’ liberty. Another founder, James Wilson, explained the importance of liberty in laws, saying that law without liberty is meaningless. Individual and religious liberty remains one of the most essential principles of the human freedom. Founded by Ambassador John L. Loeb, it paved way to freedom of warship and free exercising of individual faith to all religious minorities by the Government. It was due to the Ambassador, the founder, that American Experiment became a

The Duality of Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Duality of Human Nature - Essay Example The Duality of Human Nature So man’s fundamental nature must play a part in the duality of human nature. In the end, it comes down to the path an individual decides upon despite being influenced by society and man’s fundamental nature. The Curious Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a perfect example of the duality of human nature. Many people have pondered why some people give into their evil nature, and others give in to their good nature. A reader might have the same question about Dr. Jekyll. Why did Dr. Jekyll give in to Mr. Hyde? A Cherokee legend gives the best answer: An old Cherokee is teaching his grandson about life. "A fight is going on inside me," he said to the boy. "It is a terrible fight and it is between two wolves. One is evil - he is anger, envy, sorrow, regret, greed, arrogance, self-pity, guilt, resentment, inferiority, lies, false pride, superiority, and ego." He continued, "The other is good - he is joy, peace, love, hope, serenity, humility, kindness, benevolence, empathy, generosity, truth, compassion, and faith. The same fight is going on inside you - and inside every other person, too." The grandson thought about it for a minute and then asked his grandfather, "Which wolf will win?" The old Cherokee simply replied, "The one you feed." The answer is clear; Dr. Jekyll fed Mr. Hyde more than he fed Dr. Jekyll. Every time Dr. Jekyll drank the potion, he fed his evil side, or Mr. Hyde. The first time he drank the potion, Dr. Jekyll felt â€Å"at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked†.

Compare two computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare two computers - Essay Example In addition, the random access memory of HP Pavilion is 4 gigabytes synchronous dynamic while Dell Inspiron random access memory is 6 gigabytes data rate (Lant 1). Consequently, the processing speeds of the two types of laptops differ significantly. Owing to the high processor capacity of Dell Inspiron compared to HP Pavilion, Dell Inspiron has a faster processing speed compared to HP Pavilion that is capable of handling mid-level and low-level software speed comfortably. Similarly, surfing using Dell Inspiron is smoother compared to HP Pavilion application. Another difference between the two types of laptops is depicted by the graphic design appearance. Dell Inspiron has an Intel HD graphic while HP Pavilion carries advanced micro devices. Furthermore, the hard drive size of HP Pavilion is 500 gigabytes while the size of Dell Inspiron is 1000 gigabytes (Lant 2). Hard disk is the hardware device that is responsible of storing data input for the laptops. This implies that Dell Inspiron has an advanced capacity to carry more data compared to HP Pavilion due to a higher hard disk memory. Similarly, the battery life of Dell Inspiron is estimated to last for 4 hours while that of HP Pavilion lasts for 4 hours. Thus, one has to recharge the Dell Inspiron battery more times compared to HP Pavilion due to the shorter battery life of Dell Inspiron compared to that of HP Pavilion battery. Another significant difference between the two types of laptops is the window application. HP Pavilion works under windows 7 pro while Dell Inspiron applies win dows 7 premium (Lant 1). Consequently, the memory support of HP Pavilion is capable of handling physical memory of 192 GB while Dell Inspiron laptop can handle physical memory of 16 GB. Moreover, HP Pavilion has a hard drive crash protection while Dell Inspiron does not have protection against hard

Child Obesity Media And Technology Children And Young People Essay

Child Obesity Media And Technology Children And Young People Essay The topic of this research is looking into child obesity and whether it gives cause to come under child neglect laws. This will be done in a literature review format incorporating interviews to look at fact and opinions on the matter. The results provide a complex over view and debate the topic thoroughly, taking into consideration affecting factors. Yes, child obesity can be neglect if a parents have persistently ignored guidance and failed to seek needed help. It can also be no as not every child obese case gives cause to be considered neglect and it is extremely rare. Obesity is a condition in which weight gain has reached the point of seriously endangering health. While some people are genetically more susceptible than others, the direct cause of obesity in any individual is always an excess of energy intake over energy expenditure (Chambers and Wakely, 2002: X). The issues arisen from criminalising child obesity being under the law of child neglect will be critically discussed in this dissertation. Obesity is a major concern in the UK, proven to potentially shorten lives by up to 9 years, health professionals are starting to express their worries of parents outliving their children as a consequence of the health problems that accompany obesity (Kellow, 2011). Some of the possible health implications of child obesity are: diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and osteoarthritis (Sullivan, 2004 and Heaton-Harris, 2009). In 2010 20% of boys and 17% of girls aged 11-15 could be described as clinically obese, with 14% and 15% aged between 2-10 being obese. From 1995 child obesity has risen 6% for boys and 3% for girls (reference). This would make nearly 1 in 5 of all children not just overweight, but a t the point of serious health issues (Health Survey for England, 2010). It is already said to be costing the UK  £2 billion annually (Kellow, 2011) and estimated to increase to  £50 billion annually by 2050 if trends continue (Butland et al. 2007). The increase in child obe sity has sparked a moral panic about the concern for childrens health driving the government to do more to protect children from becoming obese. Obesity is defined by BMI which stands for body mass index. BMI is calculated by dividing a persons weight (in kg) by their height (in meters). To be classed as obese a persons BMI would need to be over 30, and to be classed as morbidly obese, which is extreme cases of obesity the BMI would need to be 40 or above (Chambers and Wakely, 2002). This is not what you expect to be talking about when discussing children, as the stereotypical image of a child is healthy and happy, getting plenty of exercise and being fed properly. However, Heaton-Harris (2009:14) provides an opposite portrayal, saying Obese children are less active than the average pensioner. She then goes onto explain that overweight children will get out of breath after 5 minutes due to the additional strain on the heart to pump excessively around the body, which is too large and demanding oxygen rich blood. It is clear from the statement that Heaton-Harris (2009) argues that obese children are very disadvantaged and unfit. Children are vulnerable and dependant on parents and guardians and it is their duty is to make sure their children are healthy and happy. Ford-Martin (2005) says that children learn by example and that as a parent or guardian you are their primary role model. The parents or guardians of children struggling with obesity are therefore failing their children as the child is severely unhealthy and is at risk of severe health problems. It currently can become a child protection issue if children are allowed to eat excessive amounts of food, or have a seriously unbalanced diet (Grady, 2012). In extreme cases children can be removed from parental or guardian care by the court due to the affecting factor, children being obese. The fact that children sometimes need protection from parents if they are obese is interesting and leads onto the discussion whether this should also be a punishable offence. As it stands the definition of child neglect is, a persistent failure to meet a childs basic physical and/or developmental needs. Neglect includes failing to provide for a childs health, education, emotional development, nutrition, clothing, shelter, safety and safe living conditions, and includes exclusion of the child from the home and abandonment. It is different from poverty, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), because it happens when there is failure to provide the resources to meet a childs needs if those resources exist or should be available (Bovarnick online, 2007). This definition explains under current statute what would be classed as child neglect and as you can see this covers a very wide spectrum. Although it does say failing to provide for a childs health (Bovarnick online, 2007).This could allow child obesity to fit into this category. Although generally the main focus of child neglect is failure to provide a child with something not allowing children excessive amounts of something. The question this dissertation sets out to answer is whether or not child obesity presents the scope to be punishable by law under child neglect statute. The aims are to establish how much blame is on the media, technology and parents to establish whether or not it is justifiable to hold them responsible for the obesity state their child/children are in. This question will be looked at through current literature and interviews to see what people think about the issue also. The first chapter discussing the role media and technology play on the obesity state of the youth in the UK. The second chapter puts forward the debate on whether or not parents should take the main responsibility of their childrens obesity state. The third and final chapter deliberates the on-going debate on the issues of child obesity being a form of child neglect taking into consideration both of the discussed issues presented in the previous chapters. The impending investigation takes the format of a literature review, which incorporates interviews also. There is extensive literature on the topic of child obesity in the UK which is taken advantage of in the format being used to answering the question set out. As well as gathering qualitative data from interviews to get opinions and see if they back up the literature found. Chapter 2: Methodology The methods section is the most important aspect of a research paper because it provides the information by which the validity of a study is ultimately judged (Kallet, 2004:1129). 2.1: Research design and rationale Child neglect and child obesity are both current issues and can both impose health problems to children. It is an on-going debate whether child obesity should come under child neglect laws which can hold parents or guardians responsible and therefore punish them for the obesity state their child/children are in. These two topics for investigation are strongly linked and consequently showing a need to investigate them together and answer the question whether child obesity should be criminalised. The methodology used to conduct this investigation into child neglect and child obesity is mainly library based research but incorporated into the research investigation is a short interview to compare with the literature based findings. The methodological approach needs to fit the purpose and the question being researched. Therefore justification for the methods used in any research being conducted needs to be established (Kumar, 2011). This is also backed up by Robson (2002), who articulates the data collected by the researcher in any topic is dependent on the particular research question and aims. Winstanley (2009) and Saunders et al., (2007) state there are two categories research can be separated into; primary research and secondary research. According to Sorenson (2010) the difference between the two is how the research is gathered: primary research is collected by the researcher whereas secondary research is carried out using already existing data. Secondary data according to Bryman and Bell (2007) and Zikmund (2003) is when, documents by other researchers are analysed by people most commonly not involved in the collection process. This allows experience and knowledge to be drawn from other academics which may be vital to the subject area being discussed. This paper is at an under-graduate level making expert knowledge and expertise crucial in making the paper of value in the academic world. Zikmund (2003) also draws attention to the lower cost, which is also a main advantage over primary data which can be expensive. Saunders et al. (2007) comment that secondary research allows a wide range of information to be gathered such as: quantitative, qualitative, descriptive and explanatory data. However every form of data collection comes with weaknesses. Secondary data may provide a lot of good quality information but may not link entirely with the given research questions and aims providing no value towards further research; this is something researchers need to consider. In a lot of instances it can be near impossible to find sufficient information (Zikmund, 2003). Also if pre-existing data is relevant, credible and specifically what the researcher needs to discuss time and effort designing and collating new research maybe a waste of the researchers time. Secondary research was the main data collection method chosen as it seemed the best choice to answer the question on whether child obesity should or is criminalised. When talking about a debate that already exists it is paramount to include current literature, especially when this issue is a current governmental and political matter. With an abundance of existing research in this area, secondary data collection was the easiest method and the most appropriate main form of data collection. However the weaknesses pointed out do need to be noted as secondary data can provide such a wide scope of data and most of it may be irrelevant and only relevant data needs to be discussed, this will be discussed in more detail under the inclusion/exclusion of data. The debate on criminalising child obesity is a current one in the academic world however this dissertation took a new direction, by adding interviews as there would have been no point carrying out something that had been done before. The secondary data gathered was in the form of a library based dissertation also known as a literature review. This is the main source of information being used to discuss the issues of child obesity and whether criminalising it is appropriate and considers: journals, newspapers, reports, textbooks, abstracts, media sources both electronically and in hard copy format (Hart, 1998). Hart says that a literature review is The selection of available documents on the topic, which contain ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed (1998: 13). Literature reviews are seen as very important and as Aveyard (2010: 6) explains them to be like jigsaw puzzles as you piece each part of the puzzle (piece of literature) together to give the reader the overall picture. Therefore playing an important part allowing all relevant information on a given topic to be in one place at the same time, this brings to light conflicting academic works to be seen together which may have gone unnoticed before. This type of research can also incur new insights to be drawn as a result of re-analysing previous sources. However Aveyard (2010) notices they are useful but in order to be reliable they need rigour and structure. The idea is not to find literature to back up the desired answer but to open-mindedly collate information to reach and answer on a predefined question. This is very important as literature reviews permits the overall picture to be seen and therefore hopefully eliminating bias so the researcher needs to adhere to this and this why it is vital that a systematic approach is taken. Hart (1998) establishes that literature reviews need to present all available documents on the chosen topic not just selected few to give the reader everything to make up their mind. This poses a difficulty as the resources available to an under graduate student will not allow a team of researchers and there are time constraints. This is why a systematic approach will be adhered to but may not reach the exact same criteria a fully funded and resourced literature review will. To present information to allow a reader to reach his/her own conclusions on the predefined question, whether childhood obesity should be criminalised, it will be thoroughly researched selecting only relevant information. The systematic approach used key terms (Appendix 2: 54) to search the library data base at Buckinghamshire New University and the internet. This was systematic do uncover any relevant literature which ensured everything relating to the topic was read and if found useful was then included in the discussion. However this is not the only form of data collection being used as primary research is also being used in the form of interviews which shapes the literature already in circuit to cater directly to the needs of the question and objectives giving and already existing topic area a new direction. The dissertation aims to uncover not only current issues and debates but peoples attitudes and thoughts which are only possible if opting to incorporate primary data also that adds value to the issues being presented. The interview questions were formed around the literary findings, which then allowed the literature and interviews to be compared and discussed. Interviews were conducted as part of the research which is one of the main methods of gathering primary data; permitting data to be brought together that has not been gathered previously. Ghauri et al. (2005) highlights one of the main advantages of using primary research methods is the data is going to be relevant as it is specifically gathered to the specialised research area, this is also backed up by Zikmund (2003). Being able to shape the data being gathered to suit the needs of the study allows consistent information to be provided. Saunders et al. (2007) points out that a main limitation to primary research is interviewee and interviewer bias when using focus groups. The research in this study does not involve focus groups for this exact reason to decrease the chance of bias. However the interviewees and interviewer were criminology students and may present a bias for that reason. Having bias makes it less reliable which affects the validity and also makes it hard to generalis e results, this is something to be taken into consideration for this study. Nevertheless this is a valid point and makes the study less reliable but not an easy issue to overcome given the ethical restrictions and materials available for the study. The library based element and the interview section are both focusing on qualitative data, however there will be some secondary data featured in the form of quantitative statistics jotted throughout. Bryman (2001: Page number) describes qualitative research to be a strategy that usually emphasizes words, feelings, perception, and qualitative research tends to be concerned with words rather than numbers. The point of the dissertation is to look into the perception people have and the way society see child obesity and what they think in regards to it being criminalised. Hoepfl (1997) stated that qualitative research allows data to discover the meaning of events rather quantitative using numbers to establish facts. Qualitative data provides the means to find out what peoples attitudes and intentions are about fundamental topics (Ghauri et al, 2005). This permits researchers to broaden knowledge and insight in their chosen topic. This is very useful and one of the main reasons interviews were picked was to develop an understanding of whether obesity is seen as criminal as it will give an insight to peoples opinions on the issue as well as comparing it to current literature available. Interviews were chosen as they have potential to gain rich and insightful data (Robson, 2011). Sarantakos (1988) highlights the main advantages of interviews are: there flexible and adaptable, they directly ask the questions and can assess non-verbal behaviour, which can sometimes reverse the meaning. Robson (2007) also highlights that direct face to face interviews have advantages as you can measure the seriousness which participants take the exercise and you get a higher response rate as it is harder to say no. Although Sarantakos also points out that there are disadvantages such as biases are hard to rule out and that interviews are very time-consuming considering the time it takes to transcribe interviews. Interviews were picked from this study to gage an understanding of what people thought about childhood obesity as from interviews you can directly ask the questions you need answered. It was tailored to the topic of the dissertation which allowed the discussion of both literatu re and the data found in the interviews. Interviews not only helped to gage an understanding and present data for discussion but as it was done whilst the literature was being gathered it showed areas that were in need for research to cover the topic of child obesity. For example, in one interview the topic of illnesses and diseases that can make you obese was discussed about bringing to light this new area to be included. The interviews will be carried out on two separate days with 5 interviews on one day and 5 on the other. All interviewees were handed a leaflet (Appendix 3:55-56) to inform them that the interview will remain anonymous and that they can stop at any time and this leaflet is then signed by each interviewee to ensure consent is present. Participant numbers will be used when discussing in the main paper and no names will be included within the dissertation to keep identities confidential. There will also be a verbal introduction read out to participants to ensure consistency (Appendix 4: 57). 10 students will be asked the same three questions in the same order. Interviewees will be both genders but all over the age of 18 attending Buckinghamshire New University. They were interviewed in a rentable room in the library of Bucks New University. All interviews were recorded on a Dictaphone and transcribed after all participants had completed the interview. The interviews will be structured a nd based upon four questions (appendix 4: 57). Interviewees were asked to explain their answers in as much detail as they could. A main advantage of the research design is that it incorporated both secondary and primary research by being a library based review including short interviews to compare and possibly back up the literature based findings. The disadvantages of just doing one form of research will be minimised as you will decrease the disadvantages of doing primary or secondary by using both. For example a main disadvantage of using primary research is researcher bias which can still occur but will be compared to other literature on the same topic so this will be minimised, this makes the results found in the dissertation a higher validity. 2.2: Data Analysis 2.2.1 Library Based Research A library based search is an analytical overview of literature on a given topic. In order to present the literature found in from the library search it was thoroughly studied and then broken down into the three chapters. They were broken down into chapters to specifically analyse each section of information uncovered giving the direct access to then compare to the interview findings. 2.2.2 Interviews Gibbs (2007) describes coding as the direction you take when analysing your data, where you systematically link together similar theories and descriptions. Robson (2011) explains the importance of thematic coding has to drawing points of interest out of data. Thematic coding was used to analyse the data gathered from the interviews as the reason they were carried out was to gage what people thought about child obesity. The interviews consisted of peoples thoughts and ideas and being able to dissect the meaning of these gives value to the data collected and transforms it to a functional format, this is then used when discussing the issues that arose. Being able to identifying general themes from the interviews was necessary in understanding more about the phenomenon. It was especially useful in pin pointing specific areas in need for discussion as child obesity is a broad topic; this was how the chapters were chosen. There were a lot of advantages to thematic coding such as: flexibility, being easy to pick up, within reach to those with little or no experience and it allowed key features to be summarised which then made it easy to remark on in the chapters. However the main disadvantages these were: being flexible it gave the potential for a broad range of data which could then be confusing to interpret and use and that coding may be limited to description or exploration and not very focused towards interpretation (Robson, 2011). Robson (2011) then goes onto describe the five phases to thematic coding: the first phase is familiarising yourself with data, the second phase generating initial codes, the third identifying themes, the fourth constructing thematic networks and the fifth and final phase integration and interpretation stage. Miles and Huberman (1994) mention that there are more than one stage to coding the first level is attaching labels to groups and the second putting the initial themes into a smaller amount of themes. 2.3: Inclusion/Exclusion of Criteria Research materials included in the research investigation would need to be from the UK and information from other countries or discussing other countries will be excluded as the points will not be as relevant, unless it specifically addresses the UK or is used in a comparative style. Another crucial point is the date period which is something the researcher should be aware of (Zikmund, 2003). If a publication was older than 10 years it is not likely to still be of importance, however in the case of childhood obesity it seems to be a newly mediated topic which can mean that all information is still of relevance. So literature that is older than 10 years will only be included if it seems to still be of significant importance or a pivotal point for discussion. Chapter 3: Child Obesity, media and technology Of course, with the important role comes responsibility, the media must operate in an ethical and responsible way (Browne, J, 2011, online). This chapter looks at the part media and technology play in the child obesity epidemic. The media cannot be punished for neglecting children as they do not owe the same duty of care parents do, establishing how much the media affects the problem of obesity nevertheless will benefit the overall argument. It can be broken down into three categories, firstly the rise in technology, which has increased sedentary activities among youths. Secondly, with the issue of child obesity increasing this has led to an upsurge of media coverage on the issue (Kim and Wills, 2007), the ways in which the issue is portrayed may too affect child obesity. Thirdly studies have shown that advertising of junk foods may be directly linked to the increase of child obesity, and has been a topic of much discussion in recent years. It is important to remember that not only are media there to inform but they aim to educate and entertain and are getting paid so it is important to remember they may have hidden agend as (Melville-Brown, 2007) as well as their aim being to publicise health problems not rectify them. 3.1: Literature Findings 3.1.1 Sedentary lifestyles amongst youths The involvement children have with physical activity has noticeably decreased over the past 20 years. Dr Watkins (cited in Cole and Kmietowicz, 2007:334) stated that free range children have been replaced with battery reared children reared in cyberspace, and thats the reason for the epidemic of childhood obesity. This highlights that the increased participation in sedentary activities, that are more readily available for the children of today, play a huge role in their lives and may impact on the statistical increase of childhood obesity. The changes in lifestyle that causes lack of physical exercise and the consumption of more high in fat foods are thought to be major influences to obesity, even when taking into consideration genetic causes that are coming to light more and more (Warren et al., 2003). What are the pin point changes in society that caused this change in lifestyle? We now live in an instant culture (Heaton-Harris, 2009). Children in todays society spend their time pl aying video games and socialising on the internet rather than meeting face to face. It is these sedentary pursuits that allows children to do little exercise and encourages them to snack more. Ford Martin (2005) found that 92% of children had a home gaming system and the average time a day children spend in front of a media screen is 6 and a half hours. It is no wonder that child obesity is on the rise and physical activity is at an all-time low among young children. It is starting at such a young age as a Kaiser family foundation study (cited in Ford-Martin, 2005) found that a third of all children aged six and younger had their own televisions in their bedrooms. The children of today do not know anything different than sitting down in front of computers and televisons. It is not that sedentary activities are what children are most commonly engaging in.   It is worrying because it is replacing physical exercise of  youth  altogether  (Ofcom, 2004). Ofcom (2004) emphasise that there is a correlation between watching television, poor diet, poor health and obesity with children and adults. Steinbeck (2001) links the decrease in physical activity to the increase of child obesity; Biddle, Gorely and Stensel (2004) believe this to be true also. It would appear to attempt overcoming the child obesity epidemic children need to lessen their time involved in sedentary activities and partake in more physical activities. 3.1.2 Media Coverage Rodgers (2009, online) believes there is currently a panic surrounding child obesity in the UK with this sudden rise of media attention. Marsh and Melville (2011, online) describe moral panics as an exaggerated social reaction to something embraced by the mass media, which is caused by the activities of certain groups and/or individuals. This becomes the source of major public concern that amplifies the panic surrounding such activities. The TV series Jamies school dinners (2005), presented by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver, made a huge impact on child obesity, the media coverage on the topic and public perceptions. The Chef uncovered that 97% of school children were getting a totally unbalanced diet on a daily basis and this needed to change for the benefit of childrens health. A nutritionist on the series explained that the current school dinners lacked fruit, veg and vitamin C which are crucial in forming immunity (Jamies School Dinners, 2005). The TV series not only changed the public perception, more importantly led to changes by the government to ensure children had healthier school dinners. The Department for Education (2013), explains the governments current stance that there are strict nutrient-based standards that all schools in England need to comply with. This includes food and drink that can be obtained throughout a school day. The Government clearly state that they take the issue of healthy school dinners seriously, as it can affect childrens willingness to learn, behaviour and eating habits for life. The Schools Food Trust (2007, online) is a document that sets out the compulsory standards the Government insisted on that needed to be in place by September 2009. A 2011 article in the Sunday Observer shows that since the positive change to healthier school dinners that there has been an increase in not only learning as test results show but absences have dropped by 14% (Boffey, 2011). The media therefore has positive effects as well as negative. The media has seen to be useful for informing people about child obesity and helping to overcome the epidemic, as Jamie School Dinners is a prime example. However the media is widely known to provide misconceptions, which could worsen the issue. As it has been discussed child obesity is prominently featured in the media. When an important issue such as a childs health is at stake it is important that the issue is honestly portrayed ensuring it can be dealt with effectively. An argument is that the media portray only the extreme cases of obesity as that would be shocking news stories (Winterman, 2012). This then leads people to think that to be obese you would need to be extremely obese which may be cause for confusion and misunderstanding. As shown when half of parents underestimated the size of an obese child which implies that the media maybe the cause of this dangerous misconception (Winterman, 2012). If parents are misinformed by the media this could have life threatening affects for children who are obese, especially if it encourages the parents to believe that their children are not obese and do not take much needed action. It has also been noted that prime time TV shows about obesity, that dominate popular channels, give the wrong impression about obesity also. Boyce and Inthorn, (2007) studied programmes that were dedicated primarily to obesity, and came to the realisation that the shows directed blame on individuals generally rather than a public health issue. They tended to give the impression that it was down to self-control and discipline of the individual, with weight control being easily attainable as a result. The study also found that the programmes failed to improve levels of knowledge on obesity as it used shame and humiliation to persuade people to lose weight not knowledge. Jones (2006) backs this relaying that lack of correct information is a key problem. Rees et al. (2011) interviewed children about obesity, and they also shared the opinion shared by most TV programmes on obesity and thought if a child was obese they were to blame as it was something the media made out to be controllable . This false idea that obesity is easily controllable is wrong and may cause a lot of bullying in schools. 3.1.3 Advertising Its not just TV programmes that are thought to be affecting the ideas around child obesity; also adverts for unhealthy food are being blamed for the increase in child obesity (Carvel, 2003). It had been established beyond reasonable doubt that advertising of unhealthy products influences what children not only eat and drink but also the brands they prefer. Boyce, (2007) agrees that advertising is widely seen to encourage unhealthy consumption, particularly with children, as food is the most frequently advertised product on childrens TV. Coon and Tucker (2002) conducted a literature review into journal articles and concluded based on their findings that children exposed to advertising were significantly more likely to opt for advertised food products than those not exposed. Ofcom (2004) provided research also to suggest that there is a direct link to childrens food choices and advertisement. The report written by Barclay (2011) expresses clearly the governments stance, which indicates that they strongly agree junk food adverts encourage childrens ill health. From July 2007 such adverts were not restricted but totally banned from childrens TV by Ofcom, in what one would presume

History Guidelines :: essays research papers fc

When you read an elementary or high school history book you get the same general idea. In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue. These books have to follow the standards called National History Guidelines. Should we change these guidelines to reveal the not so hidden facts about history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This topic is very controversial. There are many reasons why and why not we should teach by the History Guidelines. Using them means controlling children’s minds, however without them we could raise new topics in history and re-educate teachers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do you control someone’s thinking? Actually I feel that you can’t. If you control the knowledge that you teach someone you can impose one point of view of the way you want him or her to see it. It is a very important observation that if you can control history, if you can decide what’s in people’s history and what is left out, you can order their thinking (Hulot 07). The people who can accomplish this can and will control what you know about the past and your knowledge in your future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is true that we can’t sometimes control history, but we have the power to educate youths about the hidden truth so they may become more independent thinkers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine a child to become an independent thinker. Wow. Imagine how many more Martin Luther King’s, and Thomas Paine’s their would be in the future. After all they did have a distorted picture of America and knew about the hidden facts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let’s just take one point in history and imagine it eas taught without these guidelines. Right now you probably believe that to celebrate Columbus Day is patriotic. To doubt Columbus Day would be unpatriotic (Zinn 07). With the way youth thinks is in 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue. This story is about as complete as Swiss cheese. This is because hidden facts are not mentioned in these guidelines. When people celebrate Columbus Day your celebrating the discovery of America, his progress of maritime exploration, and a very religious man conquering in the name of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you believe that the above is true than you have also fallen into these guideline traps. A schoolteacher in Oregon has undertaking a crusade to change the way the Columbus story is taught. He tells how he starts a new history class about Columbus. He goes iver to a girl in the front row and takes her purse.

China in Africa Essay

In brief the NAI Policy Dialogue questions the World Bank recommendations for large scale agriculture to solve the productivity and equity problems in African agriculture. The whole issue of property rights is intimately linked to the question about agriculture and development. The contribution by Benjaminsen and Sjaastad on aspects of property rights formalization in Africa draws on recent processes in Mali and Tanzania. A general conclusion is that the formalization of property rights in rural areas is a very complex and problematic issue. There is a high risk of the process being co-opted by officials and a wealthy elite, if necessary provisions are not made. Finally, Kjell Havnevik draws our attention to the relationship between inequality and climate change. This contribution is based on a presentation he made in Berlin in June 2007. Decoding the evolving China–Africa relations is the theme of an article written by NAI Research Director Fantu Cheru. He suggests that policies and programmes to deal with the present imbalances between China and Africa require us to revisit and redefine the NEPAD agenda. A regional approach will, in his opinion, help African countries to negotiate from a stronger and better platform. During 2008 researchers at NAI will continue to devote attention to this topic. In our interview section we present one interview with Martha Qorro, professor in English language, on the question about the language of instruction in Tanzania. She is of the opinion that the best way to teach English is not to use it as the language of instruction. She also responds to the question why the question of language of instruction has become such a sensitive political issue in Tanzania. In our second interview Jerome Verdier, chairman of the Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission, points to the fact that the TRC’s part of the conflict resolution is nothing new. Liberia has a history of resolving community conflicts at the round table. But in the past there were no prolonged conflicts, such as the recent 4 year period of massive human rights violation. In the research section we present the result of a conference which took place at NAI, Uppsala, in September 2007 regarding the ongoing discussions between EU and the ACP countries on Economic Partnership Agreements. The discussion at the conference highlighted the lack of connection between the poverty alleviation goal and the reality of the negotiations, despite numerous political declarations on both the EU and ACP sides. Key decisions on EPAs will soon be made by EU and ACP ministers. The Africa Europe Group of Interdisciplinary Studies, AEGIS, of which NAI is an active member, is presented through three contributions. Photo by Susanne Linderos News from the Nordic Africa Institute 3/2007First, we bring you an interview with the AEGIS Chair, Professor Patrick Chabal of King’s College, London.